01939nas a2200169 4500008004100000022002500041245010500066210006900171260001600240300001000256490000600266520139300272100002401665700002101689700002001710856003901730 2021 eng d a2056-3744, 2056-374400aFrequent origins of traumatic insemination involve convergent shifts in sperm and genital morphology0 aFrequent origins of traumatic insemination involve convergent sh cDec-30-2021 a63-820 v63 a

Traumatic insemination is a mating behavior during which the (sperm) donor uses a traumatic intromittent organ to inject an ejaculate through the epidermis of the (sperm) recipient, thereby frequently circumventing the female genitalia. Traumatic insemination occurs widely across animals, but the frequency of its evolution, the intermediate stages via which it originates, and the morphological changes that such shifts involve remain poorly understood. Based on observations in 145 species of the free-living flatworm genus Macrostomum, we identify at least nine independent evolutionary origins of traumatic insemination from reciprocal copulation, but no clear indication of reversals. These origins involve convergent shifts in multivariate morphospace of male and female reproductive traits, suggesting that traumatic insemination has a canalizing effect on morphology. We also observed sperm in both the sperm receiving organ and within the body tissue of two species. These species had intermediate trait values indicating that traumatic insemination evolves through initial internal wounding during copulation. Finally, signatures of male-female coevolution of genitalia across the genus indicate that sexual selection and sexual conflict drive the evolution of traumatic insemination, because it allows donors to bypass postcopulatory control mechanisms of recipients.

1 aBrand, Jeremias, N.1 aHarmon, Luke, J.1 aSchärer, Lukas uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1002/evl3.26801755nas a2200193 4500008004100000022001400041245012800055210006900183260001600252490000700268520115400275100001601429700001701445700001801462700001301480700001301493700001601506856003901522 2021 eng d a0289-000300aTwo New Brackish-Water Species of Macrostomum (Platyhelminthes: Macrostomorpha) from China and Their Phylogenetic Positions0 aTwo New BrackishWater Species of Macrostomum Platyhelminthes Mac cMar-09-20210 v383 a

In this paper, two new brackish-water species of the macrostomid turbellarian genus Macrostomum, Macrostomum pseudosinense sp. nov. and Macrostomum taurinum sp. nov., collected from coastal water at Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China, are described based on morphological, histological, and molecular phylogenetic analyses. Macrostomum pseudosinense sp. nov. differs from similar species within the genus in the length of the stylet (152 ± 15.0 µm), diameter of stylet opening (20 ± 4.0 µm proximally; 7 ± 0.5 µm distally), two bends of the stylet, and the non-spiral end of the stylet. Macrostomum taurinum sp. nov. differs from its congeners in the length of the stylet (81 ± 7.4 µm), the stylet bending position and angle (50% and 60°), diameter of stylet proximal opening (15 ± 3.0 µm), sperm with bristles and brush, and the smooth-walled ovaries. Phylogenetic analyses inferred from nuclear 18S and 28S rRNA genes support the establishments of these two new species. In addition, reciprocal mating behavior of M. pseudosinense sp. nov. was observed and documented.

1 aZhang, Siyu1 aShi, Yongshi1 aZeng, Zicheng1 aXin, Fan1 aDeng, Li1 aWang, Antai uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.2108/zs20012100962nas a2200157 4500008004100000022002500041245009000066210006900156260001600225300001200241490000900253520044900262100002400711700002000735856004900755 2021 eng d a1175-5334, 1175-532600aBradynectes ensifer n. sp. (Platyhelminthes: Macrostomorpha) from North Carolina, USA0 aBradynectes ensifer n sp Platyhelminthes Macrostomorpha from Nor cFeb-16-2021 a587-5920 v49273 a

Bradynectes ensifer is a new species of Macrostomorpha from shallow subtidal sediment in Bogue Inlet, NC, USA. It differs primarily from all other named members of the genus in the radically different shape of its copulatory stylet. We also consider historical records of currently unnamed specimens with similar stylet morphology collected from the NC coast by the late Dr. Reinhard M. Rieger and his students. 

1 aSmith, Julian, P.S.1 aSchärer, Lukas uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4927.4.10